ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic fields [EMF] have teratogenic effects during the embryonic development. In current study, histopathological and physiological effects of sinusoidal EMF on the brain were investigated. We sought to determine the apoptosis level and changes in blood brain barrier permeability in brain tissue of pre-incubated white leghorn hen eggs in the field of EMF. In this experimental study, 300 healthy, fresh, and fertilized eggs [55-65 g] were divided into experimental [3 groups, N=50], control [N=75] and sham [N=75] groups. Experimental eggs [inside the coil] were exposed to 3 different intensities of 1.33, 2.66 and 7.32 mT and sham groups were also located inside the same coil but with no exposure, for 24 hrs before incubation. Control, sham and experimental groups were incubated in an incubator [38 +/- 0.5[degree]C, 60% humidity]. Brains of 14-day old chicken embryos of all groups were removed, fixed in formalin [10%], stained with H and E and TUNEL, apoptotic cells were studied under light microscope. Brains of other embryos were prepared for scanning electron microscope. By injections of Evans blue, any possible changes in brain vessels were also investigated. Our results showed electromagnetic fields have toxic effects on cell organelles and cell membranes. EMF would increase the level of cellular apoptosis in the brain. They also would tear up the blood vessels. Thereafter, they would affect the permeability of blood brain barrier of exposed chicken embryos. These findings suggest that electromagnetic fields induce different degrees of brain damages in chicken embryos brain tissue
ABSTRACT
Quinazolinones are heterocyclic components [able to form cyclized compounds] which have several medical effects such as anti-malarial, spasmolytic, anti-microbial, sedative, etc. They are also known for their fungicidal properties, inhibition of tyrosine-kinase and DNA repair enzyme poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase [PARP] and are also effective in treatment of cancer, diabetes, and parkinsonism complications. In this study, for the first time different aspects of developmental effects of two new Quinazolinone components [QPPE and QEPE], on kidneys of Balb/C mice embryos were investigated. Pregnant Balb/C mice were divided into four groups of control [n=30], sham [n=30], experimental 1 [n=30] and experimental 2 [n=30]. Control mice remained intact, sham and two experimental groups received 0.05% methyl cellulose and 100 mg/kg/body weight [most effective dose] of QPPE and QEPE, intraperitoneally [IP], on day 10th of gestation. Kidneys were removed by c-sections, stained with H and E, PAS, trichrome, reticholin and jones staining. Some embryonic kidneys were prepared for measurements of level of alkaline phosphatase and TEM studies. Light and TEM microscopes, and level of enzyme surveys demonstrated that QPPE and QEPE are toxic components, creating protrusions at the surface of convoluted proximal tubules, protein casts, renal necrotic cells, pseudothyroidezation, mitochondria degeneration, hyperemia, glomeruli hypertrophy, widening of renal spaces, vacuolization, as well as decrease in the number of brush border villi and level of alkaline phosphatase. By being teratogens and toxins, these two new derivatives affected development of embryonic kidneys at histological, biochemical and intracellular levels; QEPE had more effects and convoluted proximal tubules were more sensitive than convoluted distal tubules
Subject(s)
Female , Animals, Laboratory , Embryonic Development , Kidney/embryology , Mice, Inbred BALB C/embryologyABSTRACT
Quinazolinones are heterocyclic compounds, with biological and pharmacological activities, such as inhibiting some proteins, enzymes and reducing blood lipids. Following previous results of our group, effects of two new derivatives of quinazolinones 9 [3]-quinazolinone-2-propyl-2-phenylethyl [QPPE] and 9 [3]-quinazolinone-2-ethyl-2-phenylethyl [QEPE] on livers, intestines and kidneys of newborn Balb/C mice were investigated. Pregnant mice were divided into four groups of control, sham, experimental 1, treated with QPPE, and experimental 2, treated with QEPE. Experimental groups received 100 mg/kg body weight [most effective dose] of QPPE and QEPE, sham groups received methyl cellulose 0.05% [the solvent] and control groups received distilled water, intraperitoneally [IP], on day 8 of gestation. Five days after birth, livers, intestines and kidneys were removed, fixed in formalin 10%, stained with hematoxylene and eosin for histological and pathological studies. Results showed appearance of fatty changes in livers, an increase in diameters of hepatocytes and central veins of livers, and reduction in the lengths of villi of proximal, middle and distal segments of newborn Balb/C mice intestines. Furthermore, there was a diminished diameter of the lumen of the proximal tubules, and average diameter of the lumen of distal tubules which led to an increase in the number of glomeruli cells of newborn Balb/C mice kidneys. Regarding inflammation in different parts of the kidneys, livers and intestines, our investigations suggest that quinazolinones may have some toxic effects on embryos